sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, involves the process of using an unconditioned stimulus to obtain a desired response—a conditioned response.

learning that continually pairs two things together in such a way that one of the things alone still evokes a response like fear or anxiety. This is how humans and animals learn to fear objects, people, situations, events; a dog who is punished with a ruler, for instance, will growl at it no matter what it's being used for. Someone in a chemotherapy ward who looks at the yellow walls all day while in intense pain may develop an anxious response when looking at the color yellow, even after the pain is gone.

A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR).

A form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is identical to or very similar to the unconditioned response (UCR).

Kind of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (one that does not originally elicit a particular response) acquires the power to elicit the response after the stimulus is repeatedly associated with another stimulus that ordinarily does elicit the response.

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response. 237

A form of learning in which animals learn to respond in a customary way to a new stimulus that has been paired with an existing stimulus. In the case of Pavlov¡¯s dog, a customary response (salivation) was elicited when a new stimulus (the sound of a bell) was paired with an existing stimulus (food delivery).

a term used to refer to stimulus-response training pioneered bu Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov

the case whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly experienced along with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus

The form of implicit, unconscious learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant stimulus through repeated pairing of the two. Cocaine A highly addictive stimulant drug derived from the cocoa plant that produces profound feelings of pleasure. See Crack. Codeine A natural opioid compound that is a relatively weak, but still effective, opiate analgesic. It has also been used to treat other problems (e.g., to relieve coughing). Cognitive functions Higher brain functions involving the manipulation of information from the senses and from memory. They often require awareness and judgment, and they enable us to know and to analyze problems and plan solutions -- in short, to think.

a situation in which learning occurs by association when a stimulus that evokes a certain response becomes associated with a different stimulus that originally did not cause that response.

Behavior changes when an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another, a reflexive or automatic response transfers from one stimulus to another. For instance, a person who has had painful experiences at the dentist's office may become fearful at just the sight of the dentist's office building, In classical conditioning the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented regardless of what the learner does. see also Operant Conditioning

(Reber) An experimental procedure in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) which is, at the outset, neutral with respect to the unconditioned response (US) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that reliably elicits the unconditioned responsive. After a number of such pairings the CS will elicit, by itself, a conditioned response (CR) very much like UR. In Pavlov’s classic experiments the neutral CS was a bell which was paired with a food US that reliably produced a UR (salivation). After some trials the bell itself was sufficient to produce a flow of saliva, the conditioned response.

conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex; the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex

A type of learning in which the pairing of a new stimulus with a prior stimulus leads the organism to respond to the new stimulus as it did to the first one, even when the initial stimulus is not present.

A form of learning in which an animal responds in a familiar way to a new stimulus. 815

the learning which results from the association of stimuli with reflex responses. For example, punitive authority figures experienced early on in life may reflexively elicit feelings of anxiety which become ‘conditioned', creating patterns of emotional responses which carry on into adult life. Classical conditioning is used in clinical settings to help patients ‘unlearn' anxieties such as phobias. In the workplace it can help individuals understand some emotional responses and the behaviours which these generate. However, as a framework for understanding higher forms of learning it is limited.

Most primitive learning. Learning by association (experiences occurring together in space or time go together) through the principles of contiguity (nearness), similarity and contrast.

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Learning through association, when a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that naturally produces an emotional response.

A basic form of learning in which a neutral event initially incapable of evoking certain responses acquires the ability to do so through repeated pairing with other stimuli that are able to elicit such responses. This type of conditioning does not involve any voluntary choices by the animal; the response or reaction is reflexive (e.g., blinking or salivating) and not dependent on operant learning.

A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.

Learning in which a stimulus that naturally produces a specific response (unconditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus). As a result, the conditioned stimulus can become able to evoke a response similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus.

A basic form of learning in which stimuli initially incapable of evoking a reflex response acquire the ability to do so through repeated pairing with other stimuli that are able to elicit that response; a method of behavior modification where the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (US) causes an unconditioned response (UR), which is emitted reflexively. This type of conditioning does not involve any voluntary choices by the animal; the response or reaction is reflexive.

A form of learning in which a hitherto neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) regardless of what the animal does. In effect, what has to be learned is the relation between these two stimuli. See also instrumental conditioning.

Classical conditioning, also called "Pavlovian conditioning" or "respondent conditioning", is a type of learning found in animals, caused by the association (or pairing) of two stimuli. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity. Essentially, Aristotle said, "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind."

Producing a response to a stimulus by repeatedly pairing it with another stimulus that automatically produces this response.

Conditioned response conforming to the pattern of Pavlov?s experiment. The main feature is that the originally neutral conditioned stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned one, becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus. See also operant conditioning.

(also Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning) A type of associative learning. These associations are formed by pairing two stimuli--what Ivan Pavlov described as the learning of conditioned behavior-- to condition an animal to give a certain response. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity which states that: "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind."

Classical conditioning (also Pavlovian conditioning, respondent conditioning or alpha-conditioning) is a type of associative learning. Ivan Pavlov described the learning of conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing stimuli to condition an animal into giving a certain response. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity, which states that: "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind."