A past verb form that may differ from the simple past form of some irregular verbs. It is used to form the present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, and the passive. e.g. I have never seen that movie. They've been working too much lately. By noon, we had already taken the exam.

This is the third part of a verb, the past which is used to form perfect tenses and the passive form, for example, I have eaten my dinner; the Prime Minister has been murdered.

The functional verb inflections {ed} and {en} having to do with the Perfect and Passive Grammars--e.g., I have/had studied/walked vs. I have/had spoken/written vs. I have/had been tested/seen.

A verb form that indicates past or completed action. It can be used with an auxiliary verb as in The cake was baked yesterday, or as an adjective, as in baked beans.

A word formed from a verb which can be used as an adjective to provide a completed or past description – usually derived by adding the letters ‘ed’ to the stem of a verb in English