During mid 20th century, the question “can machines think?” became intriguing and very popular among the “scientific” community primarily to add humanistic characteristics to machine behavior. John Mc Carthy, who was one of the prime researchers of this field, termed this concept of machine intelligence as "artificial intelligence” or simply “AI” during the Dartmouth summer in 1956. Artificial intelligence is usually defined as the capacity of a machine to perform operations that are analogous to human cognitive capabilities Berk, 1985.

The first expert system. It was designed to determine structures of organic compounds using data from mass spectrometers and magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI).

An early successful expert system for classifying chemical compounds based on their spectrographic characteristics and the rules that govern chemical bonding.