In trees: the processes that result in isolation of wounded or diseased xylem from normal xylem by the formation of chemically and anatomically specialized tissue around the damaged zone. ( 21)
In biology, compartmentalization is the method intracellular organelles use to isolate different conditions from other organelles. For example, mitochondria and lysosomes are bounded with membranes. Within the membrane-bound compartments, different intracellular pH, different enzyme systems, and other differences are isolated.
Compartmentalization in computer science may refer to computer program design techniques that divide different functions into different files, classes, or otherwise isolated stretches of code. Abstraction is a similar programming concept. It may also refer to run-time protection, in which running programs are isolated from each other by various barriers including limitations imposed by the executing hardware, the kernel or calling code, or devices on the network.