Same as peer-reviewed.

See peer review.

this refers to (mainly) periodical articles which have been assessed by a expert for inclusion in academic publications

Otherwise known as peer-review. Refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that aren't.