Black association and identity-an idea developed by dark-skinned intellectuals in Francophone (French-speaking) West Africa and the Caribbean.

an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage

A literary movement based on the concept of a shared cultural bond on the part of black Africans, wherever they may be in the world. It traces its origins to the former French colonies of Africa and the Caribbean. Negritude poet s, novelists, and essay ists generally stress four points in their writings: One, black alienation from traditional African culture can lead to feelings of inferiority. Two, European colonialism and Western education should be resisted. Three, black Africans should seek to affirm and define their own identity. Four, African culture can and should be reclaimed. Many Negritude writers also claim that blacks can make unique contributions to the world, based on a heightened appreciation of nature, rhythm, and human emotions — aspects of life they say are not so highly valued in the materialistic and rationalistic West. Examples of Negritude literature include the Poetry of both Senegalese Leopold Senghor in Hosties noires and Martiniquais Aime-Fernand Cesaire in Return to My Native Land.

affirmation of black identity: identity as a black person, especially awareness of a distinct black history and culture as something to be proud of; “a philosophy of rediscovery” [Leopold Senghor] Senegal nova cancao new song movement in Portugal, ca. 1970's ; led by Jose Afonso - evolved into the canto livre (free song movement); Portugal

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements. (p. 976)