Trees with medium-sized crowns forming the general level of the crown cover. They receive full light from above but are crowded on the sides and thus receive comparatively little light from the sides.

in stands with a closed canopy, those trees whose crowns form the general level of the canopy and receive full light from above, but comparatively little from the sides. In young stands, those trees with above average height growth.

Trees with crowns receiving full sunlight from above, but comparatively little from the side (see crown classes).

a tree whose crown helps to form the general level of the main canopy in even-aged stands or in uneven-aged stands, the main canopy of the tree's immediate neighbors, receiving full light from above and partial light from the sides Cohort: a group of trees developing after a single disturbance, commonly consisting of trees of similar age, although it can include a considerable range of tree ages of seedling or sprout origin and trees that predate the disturbance

() Applied to a dominant tree which falls a little below the general top level of the topmost canopy and is about 5/6th of the average height of the predominant tree. See tree classes. Appendix II. () ( Ecol.). A species that shares dominance more or less equally with others. ( BCFT modif.).

a tree whose crown forms the general level of the canopy, receiving direct light from above but little from the sides

IFPM – integrated forest pest management Seed-Tree Removal Method