begins with a past or present participle and is followed by its object and modifiers; participial phrases are used as adjectives.

A phrase containing a participle and any modifiers. See for more information: 11 Rules of Writing Rule 8

a group of related words containing a participle ("ing" or "ed" forms of verbs) Again, "nonrestrictive" means nonessential, hence the need for comma(s)

a group of words acting as an adjective and modifying a noun or pronoun

a group of words beginning with a present or past participle that modifies a noun

a phrase (a group of words lacking a subject and verb) that begins with a participle (a form of a verb not functioning as a verb or noun)

a phrase beginning with a present or past participle

A present or past participle with accompanying modifiers, objects, or complements. The buzzards, circling with sinister determination, squawked loudly.