The theory that processes with a large number of seemingly independent agents can spontaneously organize themselves into a coherent system.

level: Comprehensive (3) [ order by level] A more general theory of complexity (compared to chaos), which studies the relationships between the number of parts making up a system (e.g., an airport, or a living organism) and the complexity of its behavior.

The mathematical study of the difficulty of solving any well-stated problem in terms of resources (time and space) consumed. Complexity theory is used primarily to determine the effect of an increase in the size of a problem.

The study of how critically interacting components self-organize to form potentially evolving structures exhibiting a hierarchy of emergent system properties.

Study of complex dynamical systems * Especially, schemes of cellular dynamical systems