the operating policies, structures, and functions of an on-going system of normative patterns which serve to subjugate, oppress, and force dependence of individuals or groups. This involves establishing and sanctioning unequal rights, goals, and priorities and sanctioning inequality in status as well as access to goods and services.

describes a system that favours one or some groups over others in terms of hiring, benefits, promotions, and pay increases

The institutionalization of discrimination through policies and practices which have become historically entrenched in systems (systemic), resulting in barriers to equality of opportunity for members of minority groups.

employment policies or practices that serve to differentiate or to perpetuate a differentiation in terms or conditions of employment of applicants or employees because of their status as members of a particular group. Such policies or practices may or may not be facially neutral, and intent to discriminate may or may not be involved. Systemic discrimination, sometimes called class discrimination or a pattern and practice of discrimination, concerns recurring practices or continuing policy rather than an isolated act of discrimination.

The institutionalization of discrimination through policies and practices which may appear neutral on the surface but which have an exclusionary impact on particular groups, such that various minority groups are discriminated against, intentionally or unintentionally.