1) A rigid emblem (such as a carved animal or similar) mounted on a pole, which fulfils the function of a flag but which is not a flag, and characteristic (but not exclusively so) of traditional societies – not to be confused with a tufa (see also ‘ tugh' and ‘ tufa'). 2) As above, but the forerunner of the flag as in the Nome standards of ancient Egypt, the Semeia of classical Greece or in the Eagles of a Roman legion (see also ‘ eagle 2)', ‘ Semeion' and ‘ standard 5)'). 3) See ‘ standard 6)'.