Literally, "a path to pure water", Islamic jurisprudence, based upon defined sources and methods of determining precedent. The primary source is The Quran. In or-der, the secondary sources include hadith (sunnah), which are the examples and recorded statements of the Prophet Muhammad, upon whom we ask God's blessings; the athar, which are the recorded sayings and acts of the Prophet Muhammad's companions and closest followers; consensus or ijma among the scholars of Islam; qiyas or logical deduc-tion and analogy performed by trained scholars; and past practice or precedent which does not conflict with the foregoing.