a survey that provides a picture of the structure of rocks beneath the earth's surface. It uses explosive charges or vibrations to create sound waves that bounce off the layers of rock

a method of geophysical exploration in which vibrations are set up by firing small explosive charges in the ground. Precise measurements of the resulting waves are taken, from which the nature and extent of underlying strata are revealed.

A geophysical survey used to gain an understanding of rock formations beneath the earth's surface.

A type of geophysical survey where the travel times of artificially created seismic waves are measured as they are reflected in a near-vertical sense back to the surface from subsurface boundaries. This data is typically used to determine the depths to the tops of stratigraphic units and in making subsurface structural contour maps and ultimately in delineating prospective structures.

a method of determining the sub-surface features by sending shock waves into the various buried rock layers in the earth and measuring the time taken to return to the surface.