Musical notation used in Europe from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries primarily for liturgical chant.

the ancient system of notation, indicating the rise in pitch of plainchant.

In Biblical cantillation these are notational signs, also known as 'Biblical accents'. Each sign represents a pre-set melodic figure, sometimes a single note and sometimes groups of two, three, or more notes.

black blobs adhering to early manuscripts, symptomatic of the pneumatic style, which could be inflated into more recognisable tunes or plainsongs (qv)