theology, the subject which attempts to give rational proofs for religious beliefs; deals with the problems of divine unity, attributes of God, human free will, self-determination, etc.

Literally, "words" or "speech," referring to oration. The name applied to the disciplines of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of the divine attributes. Ilm Alkalam means the science of study of theology.

Kalam (Arabic: کلام ) is one of the "religious sciences" (علم الكلم) of Islam. In Arabic the word means "speaking". There are many interpretations of why it was called 'kalam'; one of them is that the widest controversy in this field was about Allah's speech.

Pen/pencil.