Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting countries to curtail shipments of sensitive products to a specified foreign market for a fixed time period, usually pursuant to a formal or informal agreement with the importing country (see voluntary restraint agreements and orderly marketing agreements.) Their economic effects --unlike those of "traditional" trade restrictions such as tariffs or import quotas --include significant benefits to established foreign producers. VRAs and OMAs have no explicit sanction under GA TI' (see grey area measures).

Quantitative restrictions imposed by exporting countries to limit exports to specified foreign markets, often pursuant to a formal or informal agreement concluded at the request of the importing countries.

Quantitative restrictions imposed by exporting countries to limit exports to specified foreign markets, usually as a follow-up to formal or informal agreements reached with importing countries.